Frankenstein Speech Outline :: Mary Shelley Shelly

Frankenstein Speech Out personal credit lineIntroductionWhat happens when you abandon somebody that you use to care for so dear? Are they mad and want revenge because of this or do they keep on living their life? In the story Frankenstein by Mary Shelly, Robert Walton, the headman of a ship bound for the North Pole, recounts, to his sister back in England the progress of his dangerous mission. Successful early on, the mission is soon interrupted by seas full of impassable ice. Trapped, Walton encounters Victor Frankenstein, who has been traveling by dog-drawn sledge across the ice and is weakened by the cold. Walton takes him aboard ship, helps nurse him back to health, and hears the fantastic history of the monster that Frankenstein created and abandon. The monster in Frankenstein goes through a lot of phases and changes and has traits such as being confused, sad, evil, good, and depressed. In the story Frankenstein, it suggests that people must take office for what they do.(Fir st, lets talk about the very beginning of the monsters life)BodyI. Monsters misunderstood by everybody. He doesnt understand why people didnt like him at first, until later on in his wandering. Making him confused and depressed all of the time because of this reason.A. throng run away in fear of him, or try to kill him to get rid of him. Even his creator abandoned him. Everybody wont contrive him chance to be understood, he is a mystery to everybody, representing the question marks going down the face for his confusion.1. I, the miserable and the abandoned, am an abortion, to be spurned at, and kicked, and trampled on. (115) This line evokes the motif of abortion the monster is an un cute life, a creation abandoned and shunned by his creator.2. The monster Frankenstein travels alone by himself a lot so no one hurting or screaming at him since he is the eight-foot-tall, hideously ugly creation that everybody runs in fear of. The monster clearly understands later on in the story h is position in the world, the tragedy of his existence and abandonment by his creator. 23. The monster assists a group of poor peasants and saves a young lady from drowning, but because of his outward appearance, he is rewarded only with beatings and disgust. Making him having to fight back and run away.B.Wants to be loved and taken care of, he also wanted to know his purpose in life and why was he created.

Canadarm :: essays research papers

Canad outgrowth 2The Canad fortify 2 is a very important contribution from Canada, to the international musculus quadriceps femoris station. Its complex design allows it to move through out the international space station and supply the station with useful tasks.The Canadarm was launched form earth on the snort flight 104 witch is in any case known as Endeavour. On April 2001 the Endeavour was caring much more then just the Canadarm, it was caring the crew who would show the new Canadarm to the international space stations.The crew on the shuttle was Kent V. Rominger, Jeffery S. Ashby, Chris A. Hadfield, John L. Phillips, Scott E. Parazynski, Umberto Guidoni and Yuri Lonchakov among these astronauts was Chris A. Hadfield the first Canadian who walked in space? Chris Hadfield graduated from Milton District High shoal in 1977, after that he joined the Canadian armed forces in May 1978. Then for the next two years he attended royal stag Roads Military College, Victoria B.C., then he in rolled for 2 year in Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, he graduated with a mechanical engineering degree. He then pos t-graduate research at the University of Waterloo, Ontario in 1982, then managed to get a Masters of Science degree in airwave Systems from the University of Tennessee in 1992. Chris Hadfield was 1 of 4 to be picked as Canadian Astronauts from a field of 5,330 in June 1992. Chris Hadfield flew as the first Canadian mission specialist, the first Canadian to operate the Canadarm in orbit, and the only Canadian to ever visit MirChris Hadfield helped install and operate the Canadian arm wall he was in space. He also earned the title of the first Canadian to walk in space.The Canadarm was designed by M.d Robotics to not have any fixed ends so it could crawl along the space station to repair or to move parts on the Space Station. The Canadian arm is 17.6(55ft) long with 7 motorized joints that can mature 540 degrees. The arm is controlled by an astronaut ins ide the space station, the astronaut is able to see through 4 color cameras that will help him control the arm in how its suppose to be used. The arm is designed to carry up to 255,736 pounds of space station material off and on the space station. The arm will have to be used to move every thing into place on the space station. Its main goal will be to ca-ca the astronauts job a lot easier and safer by the arm doing the most of the work.

Culture and a Mans Dying Wish :: essays research papers

A soldiery dies. His communitys culture deems that he be interred in holy ground lest the community suffer slightly catastrophe. He, having always been at odds with his community on this point, has left a provision in his will that he be cremated and his ashes scattered into the ocean. The body waits in the hospital while the community debates the issue. What is to be done?The elders have asked for a moral view. What is one to say? If the belief that the man must be buried is one deeply ingrained in the hearts and minds of the community, then a finis to cremate him would cause an uproar. On the other hand, if there are nigh who sympathize with the man, either decision might cause a schism within the community. The ultimate action would have to depend on much more(prenominal) than the cultures belief ab by burial. It would have to take into account the cultures beliefs on individual rights, freedom of belief, and the validity of the mans will. It would also have to take into a ccount the moral implications of carrying out a mans dying wish and the repercussions of violating a sacred social institution. This is not a decision to be taken lightly, but by stepping back and deliberateness the options carefully, one can come to a conclusion which would be the most moral given the situation. I say most moral because there really is no right choice here. Any action taken will most definitely be wrong to at least one conference of people. Here no plea can be made to universal morality because neither belief in its specific sense appeals to any sodding(a) moral intuition. People on the other side of the world might have neither the belief that the man should be buried, nor the belief that his ashes should be spread. distributively persons choice would be too influenced by his own cultural morality, and so nobody would really have a right to judge.Were I to be asked for an opinion on this matter, I feel I would have no authority in my response. It is really the communitys choice, and I would be afraid to make a decision which affects people completely strange to me. I doubt they would ask me in the first place, but were I to be asked my opinion I would say that the man should be buried in the special burial ground.

United States Involvement in The Second World War (WWII) Essay

World fight IIAs totalitarian sates emerged into power, the United States got involved with World War II to help control these groups and to promote democracy in the European theatre of the world. The party with the most power at the time was the Nazi Party, direct by Adolf Hitler. This socialist party was light-emitting diode by a powerful dictator who broke away from the League of Nations and began to conquer vast amounts of territory at a fast rate. The United States wanted to leave foreign affairs alone in fear of another world war. The United States could not keep down the fact Hitler was taking over Europe and help was needed. The United States became fully involved in the European theatre of World War II when Hitler led his armies on a series of blitzkriegs, taking over Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, northern France, and by breaking the Nazi-Soviet pact. The United States, under the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, wanted to remain inert and wanted to stay out of foreign affairs. People like Lindbergh strongly opposed any aid to foreign affairs, but Roosevelt felt American warranter and Democracy was in jeopardy if no help was given. As Hitler began his campaigns in Europe, especially in Poland, the United States sent aid to France and Britain to resist the Nazis. Germany defeated Poland and easily took over weaker countries, sometimes without Keith 2firing a single shot as in Czechoslovakia. The United States remained...

War: From World War II to 2002 Essay -- essays research papers fc

War From World War II to 2002The end of World War II was the spawn of a new war that would continue for over fifty years The Cold War. Technically this war was not a fifty-year physical confrontation between two countries just now more of a political confrontation between the worlds two remaining super-powers. The dropping of the atomic pelt in 1945 on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was the beginning of a new arsenal that would lead to the development of nuclear weapons.After Japan and Germany were defeated in World War II, a effects to pr egress the future event of a third world war were taken by the establishment of the United Nations to outlaw all private wars. Another right of the United Nations was to penalise those villains that were guilty of war crimes against humanity. The problem with this type of procedure is that the winners of a combat situation, whether right or wrong, are the ones that get to decide who is on the wrong location of the law and who is not.The atom bomb, which was mentioned earlier as the problem solver of World War II, would prove to lead to a larger dilemma. Prior to the atomic bomb and later the hydrogen bomb, it was thought that any weapon could be defended against. The problem with the communist countries of Russia was their doctrine of totalitarianism. The main focus of the time was building an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), and the only countries with the resources were Russia and the United States. Russia shocked the world with the launch of Sputnik in 1957 followed by the first orbital flight around the world. It appeared that the Soviets were going to beat the Americans in the Space Race and reap all of the benefits from it as well Reconnaissance, surveillance, communication, and delivery platforms for weapons.The Russians philosophy was built on the teachings of Clausewitz in that they maintained that war was a political means, peace was only a step towards war, and that conflict is inevitable. The Soviet Unio n was in no hurry to attack any country, but the state did engage in other types of warfare, such as political, economical, and psychological. The United States formed the Counter-Intelligence Agency as a means to resist the communist state.The consist of the ... ...ed force was put together as a show of more than just observers. Forces were only dispatched if the host country approved them, and although they were authorized to carry arm there were strict rules that had to be followed. The UNEF could only use the weapons for self-defense, force could not be used to carry out their mission of observation, and they were not allowed to interfere with the countries administration. The UNEF would be expected to govern all of the United Nations actions after its establishment and for the most part has done so. Although the United Nations peacekeeping methods seduce not ended all threats to every country on the global front, the methods are a step in the right direction to a solution t hat provides every land with a peaceful resolution.WORKS CITEDBrodie, Bernard and Fawn. From Crossbow to H-Bomb.(Bloomington, IndianaIndiana University, 1973). Chap9-11Keegan, John. Mask of Command. (New York, New York VikingPenguin, 1988). ConclusionPreston, Richard A., Alex Roland, and Sydney F. Wise. MenIn Arms A History of Warfare and its interrelationshipsWith Western Society. (Belmont, CaliforniaWadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2001). Chap 19-22

War: From World War II to 2002 Essay -- essays research papers fc

War From World War II to 2002The end of World War II was the make of a new war that would continue for over fifty years The Cold War. Technically this war was not a fifty-year physical confrontation mingled with two countries but more of a political confrontation between the worlds two remaining super-powers. The dropping of the atomic bomb in 1945 on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was the beginning of a new arsenal that would lead to the development of nuclear weapons.After Japan and Germany were defeated in World War II, a solutions to prevent the future event of a third world war were taken by the establishment of the United grounds to outlaw all private wars. some other function of the United Nations was to punish those villains that were guilty of war crimes against humanity. The problem with this type of procedure is that the winners of a combat situation, whether right or wrong, are the ones that get to purpose who is on the wrong side of the law and who is not.The atom bomb, wh ich was mentioned earlier as the problem solver of World War II, would prove to lead to a bigger dilemma. Prior to the atomic bomb and later the hydrogen bomb, it was thought that any weapon could be defended against. The problem with the communist countries of Russia was their doctrine of totalitarianism. The main focus of the sequence was building an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), and the only countries with the resources were Russia and the United States. Russia shocked the world with the launch of Sputnik in 1957 followed by the first orbital flight rough the world. It appeared that the Soviets were going to beat the Americans in the Space Race and reap all of the benefits from it as well Reconnaissance, surveillance, communication, and delivery platforms for weapons.The Russians philosophy was built on the teachings of Clausewitz in that they maintained that war was a political intend, peace was only a step towards war, and that conflict is inevitable. The Soviet Union was in no drive on to attack any country, but the state did engage in other types of warfare, such as political, economical, and psychological. The United States formed the Counter-Intelligence Agency as a means to resist the communist state.The rest of the ... ...ed force was put together as a show of more than just observers. Forces were only dispatched if the host country pass them, and although they were authorized to carry arms there were strict rules that had to be followed. The UNEF could only use the weapons for self-defense, force could not be used to carry out their bursting charge of observation, and they were not allowed to interfere with the countries administration. The UNEF would be expected to govern all of the United Nations actions after its establishment and for the most part has done so. Although the United Nations peacekeeping methods have not ended all threats to every country on the global front, the methods are a step in the right direction to a so lution that provides every land with a peaceful resolution.WORKS CITEDBrodie, Bernard and Fawn. From Crossbow to H-Bomb.(Bloomington, IndianaIndiana University, 1973). Chap9-11Keegan, John. Mask of Command. (New York, New York VikingPenguin, 1988). ConclusionPreston, Richard A., Alex Roland, and Sydney F. Wise. menIn Arms A History of Warfare and its interrelationshipsWith Western Society. (Belmont, CaliforniaWadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2001). Chap 19-22

Government Intervention in Market

The Market Structures The thoroughgoing(a) sparing activities be handled in four different trade structures, namely perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. The nature and degree of competition varies among the all the preceding(prenominal)-mentioned four foodstuffs. In summarized manner we can describe that as the number of sellers increases, severally unwaveringlys ability to charge high prices reduces.If number of buyers increases accordingly buyers practice to purchase the comfortablys at his choice price diminishes. The sellers have to face price competitions if the product is homogeneous and price and non-price competition exist if goods atomic number 18 differentiable. A large number of buyers and sellers make competition perfect. A homogeneous good with a number of sellers put the market in competition but a homogeneous good in a few sellers and a number of buyers leads the competition in an some other directions and put sellers in r elatively good position.The complete knowledge of buyers and sellers regarding market price and goods encourage fair competition on the other hand incomplete knowledge of product, alluring misleading advertisements and forced specialism of the goods break the pure competition. Production of a good by a particular producer or a few producers put the economy in their hands (monopoly) but if only a few buyers or a union of the buyers is controlling (monopsony) the market then market becomes non-competitive.All of the above there are some peculiar goods, which are non-excludable (can be consumed by any one without paying the be) and non-rivalrous (no one has exclusive right over its consumption), that are not produced by any profit making companies such as military service of process to protect the nation. Market Failure Causes From the above discussion it is very attract that yet perfect competition rest three market structures are not fulfilling the optimal criteria of economy i. e. high over all economic growth, full participation and fair distribution of income among the different parts of the society.The reasons for such market failure or non-attainment of the Pareto optimality ( might in exchange/consumption, efficiency in production and overall Pareto efficiency) are as follows 1. Imperfect Market Whenever the market is imperfect as below monopoly, monopolistic competition or oligopoly, the perfect market will fail to obtain the Pareto optimal conditions. 2. Externalities If the prices in a market do not reflect the true marginal salutes and/or marginal gain grounds associated with the goods and services traded in the market then there must be present of some externality.If the productivity of an individual affects the benefits of the others is called the production externalities and if the consumption levels of others affect the welfare of the individuals then consumption externalities occur. 3. human race GoodsBecause public goods are non-excl udable and non-rivalrous, they are not sold in a free market like private goods. Therefore, they cannot be provided by private besotteds. 4. increase returns to scaleThere are increasing return to scale or decreasing addresss due to technical externalities that lead to market failure under perfect competition.When there are increasing returns to scale in a perfect competitive market, they lead either to monopoly or to losses. 5. Asymmetric or unelaborated informationIn the real world, there is asymmetric or incomplete information due to ignorance and uncertainty on the part of buyers and sellers of goods. Thus they are unable to equate social and private benefits and costs. Type of Government Intervention At this stage Government intervention comes into effect and Government try to provide the following(a) benefits 1. Control non-competitive behavior of the firms. a. Taxation of monopoly profits (the Windfall Tax) . Regulation of oligopolies/cartel behavior c. Policies to intro duce competition into markets (de-regulation) 2. Using Tax or subsidies or by surroundingsal policies combat externalities. 3. Provide public goods. a. Direct provision of public goods (military services) b. Price controls for the recently privatized utilities 4. Provide information and assure information flow by various law and policies. 5. Government changes the income distribution by society by imposing income tax and inheritance taxes etc. Why corn/ soybean or chaff like agricultural commodity market do not need regimen interventionThe kitchen-gardening commodity market for corn/wheat/soybean like commodities fulfill the conditions of perfect competitive market as a) Many small producers b) Homogeneous product c) Many buyers d) Free entry and publication e) All the producers face the same cost as they have equal access to the same technology. In the perfect competitive market a seller/producer has to simply determine how many units to produce and sell at the current equilib rium price. If a perfectly competitive firm earns short run economic profit, new firms enter in the wide run and market supply increases hence the price decreases.As the price falls each firms economic profit diminishes. To restore the economic profit, existing firms make every effort to become more efficient, but their success encourages come on entry in the market. Due to this continuous entry in the market in the long run each firm get a regulation profit. If firms face the economic loss in the perfect competitive market and they are optimally efficient with current available technology then this environment compels some (weaker) firms to leave the market in the long run. As some firms exit, the market supply decreases and price increases.The process continues in the long run process each surviving firms earn a normal profit. The graph below demonstrates the longrun equilibrium in a perfectly competitive market, where profit equals zero pic We view that the following is the case for a perfectly competitive market in long-run equilibrium Profit (? ) = 0 because P = ATC. P = MR = MC = ATC. The firm is producing the quantity where ATC is at its minimum orientate. Technological EfficiencyAt precondition cost of production (resources used) if the output produced is maximized then it is called technological efficiency.From the above diagram it is clear that the firm is technologically efficient as it is producing the output at the lowest point of its cost curve (ATC). It is natural as i) All profit increase firms wish to increase their profit by minimizing the cost of production as in the perfect competition they cannot raise the prices of homogeneous product. ii) As in long run profit equals to zero for a perfectly competitive firm, hence, if the firm does not choose to minimize the production-cost, ATC will increase and profit would be little than zero.Allocative EfficiencyIt occurs when resources are allocated to the production of goods in such a manner that society is a well off as possible. Marginal social cost (MSC) captures the opportunity cost of using another input in the production of a good, where opportunity cost refers to the best alternative use of an input. If more of a good is demanded in the market, additional inputs (e. g. labor, electricity, etc. ) are required to produce additional output of that good. We can measure the cost of added production by feeling at the marginal cost (MC) of producing one more unit of the good.The rule to achieve allocative efficiency is that the additional benefits received by consumers from consumption of a good equal to the incremental costs of producing another unit of that good. MSB = MSC To achieve allocative efficiency in the use of productive inputs, marginal social benefit must equal marginal social cost for a good or service. If marginal social benefit is greater than marginal social cost (MSB > MSC) then the benefits attained by consumers from the consumption of anoth er unit of the good or service exceeds the opportunity cost of the allocation of additional inputs into the production of that good.In other words, when MSB > MSC, society wants more of the good produced and uses the market to signal that desire. How does the market convey this information? Since price (P) equals marginal social benefit (MSB) and marginal cost equals marginal social cost (MSC), we have the condition that P = MSB = MSC = MC or P = MC So the Pareto optimality conditions fulfilled. Hence the agriculture commodity markets for corn/wheat/soybean like commodities need not any government intervention. Local Cable TV or local swagger company need government interventionThe local cable TV or local gas company in many countries works as a monopolist. The required conditions to be a monopolist are 1. There is one seller or producer of a homogeneous product. 2. There is no close substitution of the product available 3. There is perfect competition in the factor market so tha t it can minimize the cost of the production 4. There are many buyers of the product but none of them can influence the price of the product. 5. There is no threat of entry of exit. Given above assumptions, the price, output and profit under monopoly are determined by the forces of demand and supply.The monopolist has complete control over the supply of the product. He is also a price maker who can set the price to his maximum advantages. But he cannot countersink the price and output simultaneously. Either he can fix the price and leave the output to be determined by the consumer demand at that price or he can fix the output to be produced and leave the price to be determined by the consumer demand for the product. Thus whatever price he fixes, whatever output he decides to produce are determined by the condition of demand. picWe observe that the following is the case for a perfectly competitive market in long-run equilibrium Profit (? ) >= 0 because P >= ATC. P >= MR = MC The firm does not produce the quantity where ATC is at its minimum point. Technological EfficiencyAlthough each firm in monopoly want to reduce its cost of production to maximize the profit yet the industry/ market does not produce the output at the minimum point of ATC so the monopoly market is technologically not efficient. Allocative EfficiencyAs we have already discussed that the condition to attain allocative efficiecy isP = MSB = MSC = MC or P = MC But as P is greater than MC in the case of monopoly so it is inefficient on allocation basis, which is called deadweight welfare loss (social cost). We may say that the monopoly leads to misallocation and underutilization of resources and reduction in consumers welfare. Government may impose regulations to control a monopoly For industries where the average total cost curve displays tremendous economies of scale, the government may decide that having a single provider is desirable.Using the measures of productive and allocative e fficiency, regulators know that when left alone, a profit maximizing monopoly produces less of the good or service than is desired by society and at too high of a cost. Regulated monopolies agree to adhere to government oversight in order to nurture their monopoly status. 1. Forbidding the formation of monopolies (e. g. , antitrust laws) 2. Forbidding monopolistic behavior (like predatory pricing) 3. Ensuring standards of provision. 4. Ensuring competition exists (e. g. deregulation) 5. Imposition of a lump-sum tax on a monopolist (shifts AC upwards), and supernormal profits are taken as tax. Governments may also regulate MC/AC pricing for monopolies. Effects of MC/AC rule pricing by government intervention Marginal Cost Pricing Regulators set price where marginal cost equals demand. This is the most efficient solution as allocative efficiency is achieved P = MC and therefore MSB = MSC. But the firm is losing money, as total revenues are less than total costs (see the figure giv en below).In the long run, if this condition prevails, the firm will shut down and cease to operate, not especially a desirable outcome if the monopoly provides an essential good or service such as electricity or water. It is sometimes called optimal price regulation. It does not work with natural monopolies (they will not earn a profit, and would exit the industry). See the following figure. Average Total Cost Pricing For natural monopolies, the regulator can force monopolies to charge the price where ATC crosses Demand.At this price economic profit will be zero, although there will be normal accounting profits. Sometimes called non-optimal price regulation. This is a more efficient outcome than no regulation at all. Price still exceeds marginal cost and therefore, marginal social benefits exceed marginal social costs. With average cost pricing, allocative and productive efficiency are not achieved. The firm earns accounting profits but no economic profits. Smaller deadweight loss than unregulated monopoly. See the diagram given below. pic

Feminism and Social Cognitive Theories Essay

The goal in this individual assignwork forcet is to apply the loving cognitive scheme and feminist theories to contemporary media content and to compare and contrast incompatible theoretical perspectives. Attached to this paper at that place give be a print advert proper(postnominal)ally chosen to analyze how and whom these theories reflect on in new media today. After analyzing the two perspectives, the theories will be compared and contrasted, wake the similarities and differences between them and their approach to the advertisement. Throughout the paper the usage of examples from the specific advert chosen will conclude to the appliance and defined terms to support the arguments that will be debated. The social learning theory furnishes a framework that allows usto analyze the humans psychological functions that produce certain behaviors (A. Bandura, 1986). The concept describes the mental processes at work whe neer a person learns (Bandura, 1944).The theory of socializati on explains humans thought and the personal situationors that shed learning a cognitive process to all agents such as, social groups, parents and siblings, teachers, schools and religious leaders, neighborhoods and media.(Eyal, 2012)According to Bandura, the theoryproves that belief and behavior are determined by three distinguishable factors that interact and impact each some other, known as the triadic reciprocal cau sit downion, examining behavior, personal determinants and characteristics such as cognitive and biological qualities like age, race, sex or height, and environmental factors or events (Bandura, 1944). Banduras social cognitive theory of mass communication and the broader social learning theory serve as the foundation for volumes of research in all areas of media set up analyse today (A. Bandura, 1986). A study of this theory presenting the process of sense modalityling has been conducted by Albert Bandura during the study of the bobo dolls by including the qu ad component processes attention, retention, ride reproduction, and motivation.Later to be discussed in relevancy to the advertisement chosen.Proving that a person that observes other piles actions and the consequences of those actions commode learn from what they have observed, called observational learning, which then can be reenacted by the observer, known as modeling (A. Bandura, 1986). According to the research done in the bobo doll studies, Banduras method was to create a lab experimentation with graciousergarten children, by exposing them to different versions of movies with aggressions toward a bobo doll. Foc exploitation on the children in the experimental groups, these children were aware of what they have watched and this is where the modeling process originates. Attention has been elevated. The experimental group children sat and thought through the film as wellpossessing the necessary components and skill, while perhaps cerebration of their capabilities and self- efficacy perceptions,known as motor reproduction in terms of the process.In order to by and by imitate the aggressive acts, training what theyve cognitivelylearnt and computen, known as retention, rehearsing of the act in order to properly mock the material exposed. In conclusion to the observational theory, children seemed motivate to model the behaviors they learnt in the film. Children who had watched the violent film were less inhibited round performing other violent acts they had learnt in the past, and not portrayed through the attached film. The film therefore, had a disinhibitory subject upon the children who saw it (Bandura, 1963). Disinhibitory incumbrances disinhibit or lift previously learned internal restraints on certain behaviors (Bandura, 1963 p.73) as explained in the study Bandura conduced on the school kids and the fact they employ the violence seen in the film, and not violence that has been shown to them throughout their lives. In addition, the theory als o serves as a coarse denominator among many media effects and hypothesis today.It provides a framework explaining pro-social effects from mass media, social encouragement or persuasion, and transmission of an idea, message, or belief by instruction of figurative modeling (A. Bandura, 1986, p.70). The second theory that will be discussed, analyzed, compared and contrasted to my chosen advert throughout this paper will be the feminist theory. Focusing on, outlining the influences of a variety of critical feminist studies on the representation of women in popular media forms. The feminism study is part of a theoretical approach its an existing theory equal to all other theories (Hay, 2012). A few theories that will be analyzed are The beauty romance by Naomi Wolf, The Women Myth by Roland Barthes, and Women in films by Laura Mulvey. Wolf claims that the quality called beauty objectively and universally exists. The most effective way to combat this epidemic, Wolf argues, is to show h ow what we call handsome is a cultural myth that has been framed for certain economic and political purposes.In assigning value to women in a vertical hierarchy gibe to a culturally imposed physical standard, it is an expression of power relations in which women must unnaturally compete for resources that men have appropriated for themselves(Wolf, N. The Beauty Myth, p.1). Barthes discusses The women myth as being everywhere, relating to culture, time, and change. Its not something were born with,its something ball club socially constructs (Hay, 2012). He tells us that the flick of beauty-The rhetoric of the image (Roland Barthes) changes according to where you are, who youre with, and what environment your currently in, that can all reflect on the image. Last, Mulvey writes about the mannish gaze, women in films.The womens appearance was created to serve male defense mechanisms against castration, and portrays women as visual objects through the media (Hay, 2012) Mulvey argues that cinema displays the image of women as a certain look, that feminist find humiliating due to the element it displays the passivity of women, and the activeness of men complying the fact women will never have lead roles or be distinguished as greater than men (Hay, 2012).After explaining,defining and giving examples of both theories, the advertisement chosen will be analyzed and evaluated through these theoretical perspectives. In terms of feminism, the advertchosen will constructively reassure the myths and there theoretical approaches. The advertisement I chose represents, the alcoholic drink, SKYY vodka. Thereis a tan, thin women, in a bathing suit, with a big chest, lying on the sand at the beach trying to tucker out some sun. The close up shot of her dreamy chest is likely to attract attention of men, possibly the aimed audience for this advertisement. Mulvey argues about the look or the image the media portrays a womans hypothetical appearance should be, usually categoriz ed as young and skinny (Hay, 2012) which the advertisement assesses. The power through genders are used to catch the mans eye, making the man see the women as a visual object, also known as the male gaze, leading the male to become aroused, and in conclusionan intended effect of convincing the specified audience, men, to acquire the product advertised. As Naomi Wolf mentions in the beauty myth the purpose of using the women as an object is for political and economic reasons.This doesnt mean that everyone will be impacted in the same way due to sub-cultures, politics, and media, but societys understanding of the add will hopefully conclude to more or less, the same objective and conscious feeling. In addition to the womens bareness and attraction, the advertisement shows the man in a suit standing on top of the women, most likelyrepresenting ownership and power, a demanding authoritywhile glazing down on her from above. According to Mulvey, feminists see men as active and the women as passive, clearly shown in the advert. The man is not only trapping the women between his legs while she lays on the floor, but heis also blocking her from the sun, the reason she most likely came to the beach to begin with. Feminist argue that women are usually presented in a submissive way. According to feminists, the media has an meaning(a) role and defines the women and how women should look, act and represents the power struggle between men and women today (Hay, 2012).The theory of Laura Mulvey shows that commercial wise, advertising women is usually conducted in a sexual means relating them to sex items, and ignoring internal characteristics by focusing on just looks(Hay, 2012). In addition to how women were portrayed in programs, feminist critics charged media owners and managers with sexism (Cantor, 1988). They supported this claim with reports showing widespread discrimination against women in broadcast industry employment practices, as seen in the advertisement presen ted, as the women lays beneath the man and is gazed upon from above with feeling of power. Women in advertising are usually gently touching to looking at something, making it seem that they are not in control of that object, that they arent the full-strength owner and masters of it, just participant(Cantor, 1988). In one hand the man is holding a bottle of SKYY alcohol, and in the other hand he is hard holding 2 cups as to which the alcohol would be put inside to drink.The differences between the positioning of the genders in the advert really prove the feminist theories can be related to this, the masculine side of the man and his strong fists, and feminine side of the women is shown through the relaxation of her hands holding her sunglasses up, lying on the floor with her pure beauty and fertility.In the past, a lot of time advertisers used women to present women were they needed rescue. Alcohol can be considered a type of escapism, and by the man showing her what he has, once a gain, the women comes out to be the weak one that wants to be nurtured, and in feel of need, comfort and care by the man. upright like gender role portrayals in Disney princesses and there need of being taken care of by heroes, or prince charming. This advertisement focuses on a specific audience, in particular, perhaps SKYY vodka calls for people who enjoy drinking, probably youngsters that want to let loose try new things, students, and because of the main focus of the close up of the womens breast, an educated guess would assume that the men population are most likely well off to be the best consumers.The social cognitive theory portrays many different theoretical approaches to the specific add chosen.Banduras social cognitive theory provides a framework to explain what the medias effects are towards, violence, sexually explicit material, diffusion of an idea, message, belief by way of symbolic modeling, persuasion and so forth (Bandura, 1986). Human communication is built upon a system of divided up meanings known as language that is shaped by various symbols, such as letters of the alphabet, used to construct words which serve as a symbol to represent specific objects, thought or ideas (Bandura, 1986 p.68).The word SKYY printed on the alcohol bottle doesnt just cause the brain to think of the union SKYY vodka. When speaking about the sky in a metaphoric way, people relate the word to an unlimited effect, just like the quote many people use these days, the sky is the limit.The thought the drink may have towards specific audience mentioned earlier, triggers their brain to consider the non-boundary border. As seen in media today, a matter of people like to go against the ordinary, and fight the status quo. Possibly now, when people see the word sky, the capacity of understanding and using this symbol allows them to store, process, and transmogrify this observed experience into a cognitive model, which may guide them to the long term effect of buying the alcohol while thinking about the confirmatory effects it may have and motivating them to buy this product. Advertisement in media today can be learnt from and modeled leading to positive or negative outcomes. Just like Banduras study with the bobo dolls, the major findings were disinhibitory effects, which concluded to children learning aggression. A disinhibitory technique, as mentioned earlier, causes a transgressor to shift the responsibility for wrong doing to another.(Brock & Buss, 1962, p. 75) With diffusion of responsibility, a transgressor acts at heart a group and therefor doesnt feel personally responsible for the subsequent act (Bandura, 1986).As seen in the ad, the bottle of alcohol is being advertised. As most people know, one of the most well-known laws in the U.S. states that the drinking age is 21+. In this case the add is relevant due to the fact a transgressor may influence an adolescent to consume the alcohol in this add showing him its the cool thing to do, le ading him to another device, turn out of the consequences of action, in which the under 21 person,illegally performs what he is told, not thinking about the harm it might cause and only thinking of the thrill of the moment. Bandura identified four different self-reflective modes used in thought verification the self-reflective capacity, meaning that a person has the ability to perform a self-check to make sure his or her thinking is correct (Bandura, 1986). One being the enactive mode this means that a person calculates the agreement between thoughts and the result of actions (Bandura, 1986).For example, this add may influence people to buy SKYY vodka, especially men, since the advertisement shows that the man is over powering the sexy woman, an act in which most men usual want to achieve. After trying the alcohol, the effect it had on the man wasnt what he thought would conclude to, assuming he would be able to mimic the character holding the alcohol bottle in the advert and is di sappointed, having a destructive effect, and in this case his actions do not verify his thoughts and he must reassess his thinking. If, however the man had had the positive effects he was expecting after drinking SKYY brand alcohol, the mans actions corroborate his thoughts and provide verification. The second mode used in the thought verification isvicarious mode this means that the observation of another persons experience and the outcomes of those experiences aid to confirm the accuracy of thoughts (Bandura, 1986).For example, a 17 year old boy that never tried alcohol might look at this advertisement and see that the man has total control over the women, the boy never thought about trying the beverage the man in the ad is holding, but due to positive assumptions, realizes he should. His thoughts about underage drinking could shock him into some kind of reassessment. The third mode, serving as the best demonstration of an effective advertisement is persuasion (Bandura, 1986) the act in which a person is influenced or promote in some way to change their thought. For example a man sees the SKYY vodka advertisement and it comes off to be eye catching and convincing. Even though he might already have a specific vodka brand he uses, the astonishment of the print add influences him to try new things in an alteration effect of buying the alcohol, maybe leading to a long term outcome of the continuity of buying the specific vodka, and the intended effect the company tried to portray. At last, the advertisement will be compared and contrasted according to the two theoretical perspectives.The media teaches society how to socially learn, whether its through observational and modeling, or how women should be, including all the individual differences (Hay, 2012). Whether the effect is direct or indirect, constructive or destructive, people observe others and their surroundings.One of the arguments the theories can express thesimilarities and differences in, is the effec t manipulation or influence can have towards and depending on audience types. The social cognitive theory, the process of modeling shows that the advertisement can be portrayed and looked at as motivating for male audiences, catching there attention while seeing the amount of control and command the man has above the women, leading to arousal and motor reproduction of the customer, influencing them to similar actions.On the other hand, feminists look at the advertisement and find it discriminating how the media socially constructed the women to fit the image that Mulvey speaks about.The female audiences will see the degradation of the trapped women, looking up at a man, and specifically go against the consumption of that certain alcohol. Women dont see the need to advertise the alcohol in such a provocative manner and want to fight the status quo of using women in the media for political and economic reasons, as Naomi Wolfs theory applies. In conclusion, the social cognitive theory and feminist theories play a big role in media today. Providing a framework to academically understand where media came from in history, and how it has currently changes. Media serves as a theoretical basis that was learnt from in the past, and continues to be learnt from throughout years to come.ReferencesBryant, J., & Thompson, S. (2002). Fundamentals of media effects(Chapter 4). Boston,MA McGraw-Hill.Hodkinson, P. (2011). Media, culture, and society An introduction(Chapter 11, pp.219-242).Los Angeles, CA Sage.Wolf, N.The Beauty Myth.Cantor, M. G. (1988). Feminism and the media.Society, 25(5), 76-81.Social cognitive Theory and Feminist TheoriesLiatSlomowitsRaphael Recanti International School, Interdisciplinary Center HertzliyaT.A. Yael HayIntroduction to communicationsliatipooaol.com

Why We Should Ban Cell Phones And Driving

Every day, millions of passel get in their vehicles and drive. Some ar mothers, some are fathers, some are students, withal all are in danger from preventable accidents caused by cell call offs. For proof that cell phone accidents are increasing, people simply need to behavior at sections of websites devoted entirely to car accidents caused by people using cell phones fleck campaign ( political machine Accidents). We live in the now generation. We want everything as soon as possible and preferably before we do it we want it.Imagine how some(prenominal) people turn their cell phones on and call people the vociferous their plane lands, minutes before their plane reaches the gate. Cellular phones feed into our need to surrender information and always be connected, but that need is only respectable as long as common sense is used. When common sense is not in effect, private pass while using a cell phone layabout be dangerous. Problems Cell phone accidents injure 330,000 peo ple a year and kill 2,600 a year (Britt 2005). Most people puddle seen mortal talk of the town on a cell phone and driving erratically.They are typically not hard to see because they are usually weaving into the close lane or have poor reflexes when confronted with a red or green light. We ban drinking and driving because in that location are so many deaths and injuries caused by it, so why do we continue to ignore the dangers of calling and driving? The problem has not gone unnoticed. The government has recognized the risk of driving while calling and have enacted legislature to counteract the increasing number of people involved in accidents caused by distracted drivers.Yet each state has disparate laws regarding cell phones and driving. Based on the most recent statistics (2008), some states like California talking on the phone (unless it is on the speaker) while driving, and certain groups of people from using the phone. Other states, like Louisiana, do not have any restri ctions on using cell phones while driving (Edgar Snyder and Associates). Statistics Cell phones have do our lives much convenient but also more dangerous. Cell phones have 250 million users in the United States, a number that is increasing yearly at a rate of 40%.Studies have also discovered that cell phone use while driving increases the chance of a car accident. level off the task of dialing numbers can cause a person to potentially lose control of the vehicle. Incidentally, most people who were in car accidents while driving were on the phone. Out of the plethora of accidents where cell phones were involved, the drivers hit large objects that would have been avoidable had the driver been focusing on the road (Edgar Snyder and Associates). People who believe that they have excellent reflexes and can avoid a crash are incorrect.It was found that a 20-year-old driver talking on a cell phone has the reflexes of a 70-year-old driver not talking on a cell phone (Britt 2005). People who use hands-free cell phones also contribute to the heightened danger on the road. The mitigating instrument in accidents involving cell phones is distraction. The problem is that the drivers can see the road, but they are not involved in what is happening on the road. As strange as it seems, a study found that it is categorically safer to have a person driving with a blood alcohol level greater than .08 on the road driving than to have a person talking on a cell phone driving (Britt 2005). How to Help Now that we know the extent of the problem, what can we do to prevent those unnecessary accidents from claiming more lives, maybe even the life of someone we love? With inconsistent legislation among the states regarding cell phone use and driving, there is a chance that you have driven in a state with very relaxed or nonexistent laws about driving with cell phones. There are several ways people can protect themselves when driving with a cell phone.A spokeswoman for the California Highway Patrol, Anne Da Vigo suggests pulling off of the road for elongate phone calls, to tell the person you are talking to on the phone that you are driving, ask any passengers accompanying you to do the talking, keep the call little(a) and only use the phone when you need to. (Goepel 2003). Legislature Even though those steps are beneficial when using a cell phone while driving, it is not enough to keep the safe cell phone drivers away from the dangerous ones. We need to petition our government to ban any form of cellular phone use while driving.The government will not know how concerned we are about the dangers of driving while calling unless we bring more attention to the situation. Twenty-two of the 50 states have no legislature banning driving while on a cell phone. That means that people in 44% of the states in the United States are at in increased danger of being in an accident caused by a driver talking on a cell phone (Edgar Snyder and Associates). The first steps for legislation come from the citizens, businesses, lobbyists, elected officials, etc. (Nevada Legislature).If we decide to ignore the initial steps to have a bill passed because we are confident someone else will do the work, we are wrong. We need to be a collective voice that lets our government know that we are tired of having innocent citizens hurt by distracted drivers. It is time for us to have our government to listen to what we have to say. We need to be proactive so we do not lose more people from our communities to senseless accidents. References Britt, R. R. (2005). Drivers on Cell Phones Kill Thousands, Snarl Traffic. LiveScience. Retrieved July 18, 2009 from LiveScience database. Car Accidents.Cell Phone Accidents Pictures & Stories. Retrieved July 18, 2009, from http//www. car-accidents. com/cell_phone_car_accidents. html . Edgar Snyder and Associates. Car Accident Cell Phone Statistics. Retrieved July 18, 2009, from http//www. edgarsnyder. com/auto-accident/auto/cell/stat istics. html . Goepel, J. (2003). Crashes caused by inattentive drivers are nothing new. Cell phones are the latest distraction. Via AAA travelers Companion. Retrieved July 18, 2009 from VIA Magazine database. Nevada Legislature. How a Bill is Passed. Retrieved July 18, 2009, from http//www. leg. state. nv. us/General/im_just_a_bill. cfm .

Past and Present Chapter Essay

Opportunity and self-made men were the order of the day The founding fathers considered democracy to be direct rule of the people A excogitation they feared and rejected Jacksonians considered the voice of the people to be the voice of God Democracy and Society No one could expect social perk because of family ties European visitors observe the lack of first class accommodations The word servant was disappearing in its place was help Domestic workers were not considered a social subclass Members of different earning groups svelte similarly Democracy expressed itself in medicine, law and religionUnorthodox healers were given place alongside doctors Local bars allowed lower standards in most areas The clergy came under more control of the laity The popular press became increasingly important Written and read by common people Many petite venues and a few influential papers with large readership Democratic Culture Democratic expression in literature and art Popular taste v. elect (ip) or traditional culture Romanticism was adapted to sentimentalism in popular literature Formulaic gothic novels sold well Possible because of increased literacy too cheaper printing More novels written by womenUniversal white manhood suffrage was the rule by the 1820s Rise in elected v constitute officials Stump speaking and campaigning became the norm More festive and dramatic Martin Van Buren and others began to build statewide political organizations Idea of the loyal opposition real Other political changes Two party system enhanced Electors more often chosen by popular vote Voting percentages increased dramatically 182427% 182855% 184078% Why more interest? Panic of 1819concern intimately money issues Issues such as banks, tariffs, internal improvements Jacksonians were concerned about monied interestsOpponents were concerned about rabble rousers Should the federal government become more active? Foster economic growth? Destroy corporate privilege and monopoly? Support th e rights of the working man? Abolish inheritance, improve public education? New York Working Mens Party thought so as well favored redistribution of assets Philadelphia was a center of labor activity General Trades Unions was formed Achieved a 10-hour workday Set an early precedent for mass action Abolitionists became more active Some also wanted equal rights for women These reformers saw little success.

Cataracts Treatment

Prevention & Treatment Wearing UV-protecting sunglasses and regular intake of antioxidants may slow the development of cataracts. N-acetylcarnosine eye drops is topical non-surgical handling of cataracts, which can meliorate transmissivity and reduce glare sensitivity. The most common types of surgical treatments include intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE), Extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) and phacoemulsification (Phaco). Surgical remotion is more effective for preventiveping cataract formation.Progression of cataracts can be slowed by avoiding large amounts of ultraviolet light, notsmoking, and following a healthy diet. Wearing UV-protection sunglasses when exposed to sunlight can be helpful. Non-surgical Topicaltreatment (eye drops) with the less well-known antioxidantN-acetylcarnosinehas been shown in randomized controlled clinical trials to improve transmissivity and reduce glare sensitivity for patients with cataracts. Surgical Currently, the most effective treatm ent for cataracts is surgical removal. Medications cannot stop cataract formation.They most common types of surgical treatment include intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE) Extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) phacoemulsification (Phaco) intracapsular cataract extraction involved removal of the entire lens and its supporting structures. Extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) and phacoemulsification (Phaco) involves removal of the cataract leaving the posterior capsule intact. The difference between ECCE and Phaco is the size of the incision and the technique of cataract removal. With ECCE, the incision is approximately 6 millimeters.The central nucleus of the cataract is removed by gentle external expression. Then the incision is closed with about 3 sutures. By comparison, a Phaco incision is only approximately 2 millimeters. Ultrasound elan vital dissolves the nucleus and it is aspirated through a small instrument. The incision may or may not require any sutures to close it. Phaco can offers the patient the fast recovery both techniques (Msics and Phaco)gave similar results, but that manual small-incision surgery is faster, less expensive, and less technology-dependent than phaco- emulsification.Thus manual small-incision surgery appeared more appropriate in low-income countries. 6,7 A authoritative review provides evidence from seven RCTs that phacoemulsification gives a bankrupt outcome than ECCE with sutures. We also found evidence that ECCE with a posterior chamber lens implant provides better visual outcome than ICCE with aphakic glasses. The long term effect of posterior capsular opacification (PCO) needs to be assessed in larger populations. The data also suggests that ICCE with an former chamber lens implant is an effective alternative to ICCE with aphakic glasses, with similar safety.Phacoemulsification provides the best visual outcomes but will only be accessible to the poorer countries if the comprise of phacoemulsification and folda ble IOLs decrease. Manual small incision cataract surgery provides early visual rehabilitation and comparable visual outcome to PHACO. It has better visual outcomes than ECCE and can be used in any clinic that is currently carrying out ECCE with IOL. Further research from developing regions are needed to compare the cost and longer term outcomes of these procedures e. g. PCO and corneal endothelial cell damage.In more than 95% of cases, a new lens, known as a lens implant or intraocular lens is inserted at the same(p) time as the cataract removal. Although modern techniques have made cataract surgery quite safe, complications can occur with any surgical procedure, including cataract extraction. These include hemorrhage, infection, loss of a grant of the cataract into the eye, displacement of the intraocular lens, glaucoma, andretinal detachment. Fortunately, all these complications are rare and usually can be managed. Blindness is a rare complication of cataract surgery. http//www. cataractcare. com. au/

The French Revolution

The cut variety was an uprising in human history that changed the behavior of keep for galore(postnominal). The miserable became poorer, the people became mostly jobless, the cities became even more(prenominal) lifeless. non only did the conversion affected medicinal drug in the 1700s but it still has an effect on modern day unison. The transformation had an impact on some(prenominal) a(prenominal) things one of the many things organism medicament. The French Revolution was also an evolution for euphony.The leaders of the Revolution wanted to end the aristocracy they before long realized music could influence people so they used music to achieve their goals. The purpose of music during the Revolution was to unite a group of people to take action. The music was used to get people to feel nationalism pride and rise against the aristocracy. The Revolution influenced a numerous amount of composers. The emotions the composers felt during this time percentage point influe nced the way music was produced.The churches were the main supporters of musicians. They relied on people that could compose, conduct, and play the organ. Because the church demanded this, people obtained a hold by working for the church. Musicians could also gain patronage from an patrician as another way to earn a living. Kapellmeister is whatsoeverone who is a composer, conductor, a dresser, and adapter(Kings unsandeds). The wealthy families would often hire these people to write and perform small pieces of music for entertainment. When the Revolution took place the aristocrats lost their fortunes, loss of music centers resulted from small states being consumed by neighbors.Public concert halls raised from the change. People had more availability to music because of this rise. However, the public wasnt interested in heavy music. The limits of music were not allowed to go beyond that of what was politically and socially acceptable to the old administration(Kingsnews). The ch anges caused by the Revolution caused many people to lose their jobs which in turn unemployed many musicians. These changes affected many musicians because their music did not fit the familiar trend of music.In the time of the French Revolution people often used their musical talents to get what they need. In the book, Revolution by Jennifer Donnelly on rapscallion 138 in the first paragraph gives an example of how music was used to peoples advantages. Levesque, the inn-keeper, makes a deal with Alexs family as long as they sing forms for his guests in the tap live he will give them a place to sleep.In the book, Revolution, on pages 114 and 115 Alex mentions that she, her father, and her uncle puts on puppet shows. She then says We were all hungry, all thin, for the harvest was poor and the winter long.(Revolution) Two paragraphs below Alex goes on My mother wept. My brothers, all five of them, joined her.(Revolution). at bottom this journal entry, Alex explains her familys me ans of collecting money. Alex also plays her guitar for the small-minded Prince. When the Little Prince is locked in the tower she plays loudly hoping he can hear her.In forthwiths fellowship, music no longer depends on the churches or patronage. The music style today varies from the style of music during the Revolution. Whereas authorised composers made money during the Revolution, they would have a very hard-fought time earning money composing classical pieces. Another digression that stands out is the performance and the look of the musician(Kingsnews). During the French Revolution people listened and gave money because of the feelings that emit from the song. However, todays society buys music based on the attractiveness of the musicians(Kingsnews).Even though the evolution of music has changed dramatically people today still use music to consecrate a story, for entertainment, to influence one another. However, instead of using music to influence people to end aristocracy , music is produced to influence people to stand up for what they imagine in. ultramodern music comes from the classical music that was created during the French Revolution.Modern musician uses the works of those who lived before them to inspire their own piece. Some musicians and their songs that were inspired by classical music are Elvis Presley I Cant Help locomote In Love With You Its Now Or Never, Queen Its A Hard Life, Barry Manilow Could It Be Magic, dame Gaga Alejandro Bad Romance, Beyonce Schubert, and many more musicians(ClassicFM).Throughout the book, Andi does some similar things that Alex did during the French Revolution. One of these things is her music. Alex played her music in the streets of Paris for money. However, Andi doesnt think of this at first. Andi stumbled upon this by accident. On page 96 in the book, Revolution, Andi is school term on a bench when she hears a note from Norwegian Wood. She starts performing the song on her guitar, an old man dr ops a coin into her guitar case.On page 120 of Revolution, Andi is facing a problem she is hungry. She tries to take money off her atm card but is declined. After having a conversation with Minna Dyson Andi comes to the cobblers last to play her music on the streets to make money so she can buy food. ulterior on page 122, a guy asks Andi if she wants to jam, to which she replied yes. They get a few more coins tossed in the case. After a little while, they split the money and idea to a coffee shop together.On page 128 of Revolution, Andi meets Virgil, the Hip-Hop resultmaster. Andi, Virgil, and Jules starts playing music in the cafe. Theyre playing in the cafe to earn some food. Remy, the cafe owner, tells them to play sad songs because then people will suck up more. Its just like the time when Alex and her family need a place to sleep, but instead Andi, and Virgil is playing for food.Andi goes to a party with Jules and Virgil, they pass through the catacombs to get to this p arty. The cops soon show up and everyone scatters. In the midst of running Andi trips and hits her head. When she wakes up she is now in the 1700s the French Revolution to be exact. While she is in this time period she remembers what she read in Alexs journal entries.On her way a shop to get new guitar strings, she sees the tower that the Little Prince is being held. Without thinking, Andi starts to play for him. Malherbauro tries to get her to pointedness but she keeps playing louder. Soon guards show up, they tell Andi to stop playing and move along. When Andi doesnt reply or stop playing the guard hits Andi in the head with the butt of the gun. In Andis journey through this time period, she experiences what Alex experienced.The French Revolution impacted many things one being music. Music during the French Revolution had a greater purpose than todays music. However, todays music influence people in a way music should influence people. Alex and Andi both used their talents to th eir advantages to get what they need. Although the French Revolution changed human history and many other things, it brought upon the evolution of music.The French RevolutionThe French Revolution was an uprising in human history that changed the way of life for many. The poor became poorer, the people became mostly jobless, the cities became even more lifeless. Not only did the Revolution affected music in the 1700s but it still has an effect on modern day music. The Revolution had an impact on many things one of the many things being music. The French Revolution was also an evolution for music.The leaders of the Revolution wanted to end the aristocracy they soon realized music could influence people so they used music to achieve their goals. The purpose of music during the Revolution was to unite a group of people to take action. The music was used to get people to feel nationalism pride and rise against the aristocracy. The Revolution influenced a numerous amount of composers. The emotions the composers felt during this time period influenced the way music was produced.The churches were the main supporters of musicians. They relied on people that could compose, conduct, and play the organ. Because the church demanded this, people obtained a living by working for the church. Musicians could also gain patronage from an aristocrat as another way to earn a living. Kapellmeister is someone who is a composer, conductor, a performer, and organizer(Kingsnews). The wealthy families would often hire these people to write and perform small pieces of music for entertainment. When the Revolution took place the aristocrats lost their fortunes, loss of music centers resulted from small states being consumed by neighbors.Public concert halls raised from the change. People had more availability to music because of this rise. However, the public wasnt interested in heavy music. The limits of music were not allowed to go beyond that of what was politically and socially accepta ble to the old regime(Kingsnews). The changes caused by the Revolution caused many people to lose their jobs which in turn unemployed many musicians. These changes affected many musicians because their music did not fit the popular trend of music.In the time of the French Revolution people often used their musical talents to get what they need. In the book, Revolution by Jennifer Donnelly on page 138 in the first paragraph gives an example of how music was used to peoples advantages. Levesque, the inn-keeper, makes a deal with Alexs family as long as they sing songs for his guests in the tap room he will give them a place to sleep.In the book, Revolution, on pages 114 and 115 Alex mentions that she, her father, and her uncle puts on puppet shows. She then says We were all hungry, all thin, for the harvest was poor and the winter long.(Revolution) Two paragraphs below Alex goes on My mother wept. My brothers, all five of them, joined her.(Revolution). Within this journal entry, Alex explains her familys means of collecting money. Alex also plays her guitar for the Little Prince. When the Little Prince is locked in the tower she plays loudly hoping he can hear her.In todays society, music no longer depends on the churches or patronage. The music style today varies from the style of music during the Revolution. Whereas classical composers made money during the Revolution, they would have a very difficult time earning money composing classical pieces. Another difference that stands out is the performance and the look of the musician(Kingsnews). During the French Revolution people listened and gave money because of the feelings that emit from the song. However, todays society buys music based on the attractiveness of the musicians(Kingsnews).Even though the evolution of music has changed dramatically people today still use music to tell a story, for entertainment, to influence one another. However, instead of using music to influence people to end aristocracy, musi c is produced to influence people to stand up for what they believe in. Modern music comes from the classical music that was created during the French Revolution.Modern musician uses the works of those who lived before them to inspire their own piece. Some musicians and their songs that were inspired by classical music are Elvis Presley I Cant Help Falling In Love With You Its Now Or Never, Queen Its A Hard Life, Barry Manilow Could It Be Magic, Lady Gaga Alejandro Bad Romance, Beyonce Schubert, and many more musicians(ClassicFM).Throughout the book, Andi does some similar things that Alex did during the French Revolution. One of these things is her music. Alex played her music in the streets of Paris for money. However, Andi doesnt think of this at first. Andi stumbled upon this by accident. On page 96 in the book, Revolution, Andi is sitting on a bench when she hears a note from Norwegian Wood. She starts playing the song on her guitar, an old man drops a coin into her guit ar case.On page 120 of Revolution, Andi is facing a problem she is hungry. She tries to take money off her ATM card but is declined. After having a conversation with Minna Dyson Andi comes to the conclusion to play her music on the streets to make money so she can buy food. Later on page 122, a guy asks Andi if she wants to jam, to which she replied yes. They get a few more coins tossed in the case. After a little while, they split the money and head to a cafe together.On page 128 of Revolution, Andi meets Virgil, the Hip-Hop master. Andi, Virgil, and Jules starts playing music in the cafe. Theyre playing in the cafe to earn some food. Remy, the cafe owner, tells them to play sad songs because then people will drink more. Its just like the time when Alex and her family need a place to sleep, but instead Andi, and Virgil is playing for food.Andi goes to a party with Jules and Virgil, they pass through the catacombs to get to this party. The cops soon show up and everyone scatters. In the midst of running Andi trips and hits her head. When she wakes up she is now in the 1700s the French Revolution to be exact. While she is in this time period she remembers what she read in Alexs journal entries.On her way a shop to get new guitar strings, she sees the tower that the Little Prince is being held. Without thinking, Andi starts to play for him. Malherbauro tries to get her to stop but she keeps playing louder. Soon guards show up, they tell Andi to stop playing and move along. When Andi doesnt respond or stop playing the guard hits Andi in the head with the butt of the gun. In Andis journey through this time period, she experiences what Alex experienced.The French Revolution impacted many things one being music. Music during the French Revolution had a greater purpose than todays music. However, todays music influence people in a way music should influence people. Alex and Andi both used their talents to their advantages to get what they need. Although the French Re volution changed human history and many other things, it brought upon the evolution of music.

Understanding Abuse

Recent periods of social progress and development have seen many concepts and constructs receive widespread attention to what provoke be described as blackball behaviours and one concept and bea in particular to receive this attention is outcry.Any response to find a solution to a problem whilst remain effective and appropriate burn experience various complications as at that place can be an in susceptibility to provide a clear and detailed comment of what it actually constitutes, provision of evidence that remains compelling and substantial and taking on board the cultural, social and political considerations and factors that are relevant to the society apt to the discussion will receive complications.This lack of clearness in its debate has led to the development of additional descriptions alongside disgust such as mental maltreatment (Garbino, Guttman&Seeley, 1986), further confusing the issue and its resolution but in spite of this confusion their has been much learne d from what attempts have been made in the exploration and analysis of affront and this discussion will try to identify different types of exclaim,expain why particular groups or individuals whitethorn be vulnerable ,its differing contexts,risk factors associated and ensure the impress of cultural and social factors on the range of step is analysed thoroughly. shame is the weapon of the vulgar (Samuel Griswold Goodrich) hatred is a term that relates itself to any deliberate calculated prejudicious or deteremental behaviour purposefully used to damage or harm an individual or group and can occur when a person misuses ormistreats other group or individual without any interest in their worth,dignity or well- universe.It can be seen as a behaviour where the abuser is interested in the exertion of power and control over the individual and be prepared to manipulate or exploit the individual involved into submission or deference to their will. In recent decades it has been descri bed in various forms but the main categories to contemplate are Physical,Emotional,Sexual and neglectful and a recently highlighted phenomena of Institutional abuse,that has led to corking awareness and debate.Physical abuse was the earliest form of abuse thought to have come under(a) public consideration in the 1960s and was believed to be linked to peasant abuse until child intimate cases started to come to prominence with the Cleveland cases in 1987(Corby,B,Child abuse,1993,p86) and has been defined as hitting,shaking,throwing,poisoning,burning or scalding,drowning,suffocating or otherwise causing forcible harm to a child. Physical harm whitethorn also be caused when a set up or forebodingr feigns the symptoms of or deliberately causes the ill-health to a child they are looking after.This situation is commonly described using terms such as fictitious distemper by procurator or Munchausen Syndrome by proxy(Dept of Health,19955). This interpretation can be seen to as quit e specific but does not provide any suggestions as to when such actions are deemed grave to go intervention and prevention of such behaviours and although it has various forms it can be the most visible, having damaging and long haunting cause.Emotional abuse and neglect has been defined jibe to the Dept of Health as the persistent adverse effects on the childs emotional development(Dept of Health,19995-6) and relates itself to malicious parental behaviour that damages a childs self-esteem,degrades a sense of achievement,diminishes a sense of belonging and stands in the way of healthy,vigorous and happy development. Emotional abuse has been described as an overtly rejecting behaviour of carers on the one hand or as passive neglect on the other(Iwaniec,D,Child care in Practice,1994).As a violate form of abuse it was only recognised by legislation in the unite Kingdom in the 1980s although it did receive recognition in the get together States since 1977. Attempts have been made to define emotional abuse and neglect in a general way and five damaging behaviours have been levelled by Garbino,Guttman and Seeley(1986) as rejecting,isolating,terrorising,ignoring and corrupting with these actions being a concerted attack by an adult on a childs development of self and social competency only being described as overtly abusive,painful and developmentally and cognitively damaging.Such behaviour can be seen as an act of commission or omission occuring when meaningful adults are unable to provide necessary nuturance,stimulation,encouragement and protection to the child at various stages of development which inhibits his optimal functioning(Whiting,1976). Sexual abuse in relation to children has been described as involving,forcing or enticing a child or young person to take part in sexual activites whether or not the child is aware of what is happening.The activites may involve somatogenic contact,including penetrative(e. g rape or buggery) and non-penetrative acts. They may also include non-contact activites such as involving children in looking at or in the production of pornographic material,or watching sexual activites or encouraging children to behave in sexually contradictory ways(Dept of Health,1996,6).This description of sexual abuse specifies that sexual abuse may not necessarily involve physical contact although there can be many other areas to be included when involving a definition such as what is the relation of the perpetrator of such acts and the definition put forward by Glasser and Frosh seems to be to a greater bound comprehensive Any child below the age of consent may be deemed to have been sexually abused when a sexually mature person has by design or by neglect of their usual societal or specific responsibilities in relation to the child,engaged or permitted the betrothal of that child in any activity of a sexual nature which is intended to lead to the sexual gratification of the sexually mature person(Glasser and Frosh ,1988,5). This definition pertains to whether or not it involves genital or physical contact and whether or not there is a discernable harmful outcome in the picayune term. Child sexual abuse is a highly difficult problem and is far more commonplace than previously thought and also affects older as well as younger children(MacFarlane&Waterman,1986) although their is a greater degree of seriousness among practitioners about the urgency of intervention to protect children from such abuse.Another form of abuse that has received prominence in recent years is Institutional abuse that mainly involved children living in residential care including being under the care of a local authority with one case that rose to prominence being the Pindown Inquiry in 1991 concerning the use of a system referred to as Pindown in childrens homes in Staffordshire England. The Inquiry outlined how methods of controlling children involved techniques that could be construed as sensory deprivation and solitar y confinement, were used over a large period of time under the approval of the management of Staffordshire Social Services being only described as brutal in there approach.In the following years a glut of cases came to the fore and the Department of Health responded by instigating a general inquiry in the state of residential care that came to be known as the Utting report 1991,that provided a view on the conflicting sides in care homes good and bad and making a note of the enquire for greater vigilance and the development of greater measures to protect the safety of children in such places of care. In situations where abuse occurs different groups and individuals can be more vulnerable to abuse than others and the need for greater research into these cases will only help to develop a better understanding of abuse and its forms.. wholeness grouping where abuse has gained significance and shown how a group can be more vulnerable is amongst elderly individuals in domiciliary and resi dential settings as arse closed doors can be more difficult to combat as contact between victims and services can be extremely limited. Elder abuse has probably been placed in the background in its significance to such abuse as child abuse but any form of abuse is not to be tolerated as each individual has a significant sense of worth and uniqueness in lifetime though elder abuse is often an ignored and hidden problem in society as The voice of older people is rarely heard by those who have accountability for commissioning,regulating and inspecting services(Fitzgerald,G,Action for Elder Abuse).In 2000 the Dept issued guidance(No Secrets) on the protection of vulnerable adults from abuse defining a vulnerable person as one who is or may be in need of community care services by reason of mental or other disability,age or illness and who is or may be unable to protect him or herself against significant harm or exploitation(No Secrets,paras2. 5-2. 6) and although this definition was not restricted to older people it has received reproach as it appeared to exclude those individuals who do not require community care but with no standard definition of Elder abuse in the United kingdom as the term has been imported from the United States one commonly used definition is a single or repeated act of unlike action occurring inwardly any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person(House of Commons Health Commitee,Elder Abuse,Volume 1,2004,P5).Abuse exists when a lack of care from one person towards some other is present in a relationship and the thought of predicting abuse or neglect is benevolent because of its ability to be preventative and adults have a sense or obligation of care in may respects of life being held to be trustworthy in the application of that duty but the more responsible the relationship the higher the chance of abuse that can exist and parental care is one context that can be seen as the primary type of relationship where abuse can occur and what does or does not be held to be adequate care can be important when making decisions about the likelihood of abuse occurring. With the Childrens Act 1989 not giving any firm argumentation of intent on what can be deemed adequate care and broad ideas on what care should involve such as physical and emotional responses,health,protection and cognitive behavioural development, research and evidence can be crucial in reviewing contexts and the suggestion that particular children can be determined for abuse with researchers interested in the dynamics of why particular children are susceptible.Predicting abuse by observing maternal responses to new born babies is an important feature of child protection with children who are seen as not wanted or the wrong sex by their parents at a greater risk(Roberts ,1980) but many parents often carry into life unresolved issues from their own childhood or present circumstances that have a sub stantial impact on their ability to form deep and lasting relationships with their children,The undermining effect of a difficult child on parental functioning will be lessened when the parent has an abundance of personal psychological resources ,conversely an clean to rear child can compensate for limited personal resources on the part of the parent on maintaining parental effectiveness(Belsky&Vondra,1989,188), therefore solid connections to parent or primary care giver is essential to the childs development and growth.Parents who experience substance abuse,domestic abandon or mental health issues can provide risk factors or damaging environments where children can be open to abuse and although not all parents with these experiences can be a risk to their children,their ability to provide adequate care can be limited and damaging. Substance misuse can give in a parents ability to erform basic parenting tasks(Kroll,2004) and be generative of chaotic environments and has come to f ocus in many families that are under child protection enquiries even during pregnancy and early development. Mental illness can also be seen as another factor relating to abuse ranging from a parents depression to psychotic or delusional violence that can result in fatal cases. The risks can be seen as greater if the parent shows hostility or aggression towards the child,ultimately becoming a target with many children taking on a caring role themselves as parenting can be in conflict and opposition. Another factor co-existing and overlapping with the factors previously discussed is domestic violence. domestic help violence is common and is seen usually in the context of the male exerting power over a female and a form of controlling behaviour with violence beginning even during pregnancy increasing in awkwardness leading to a effect on emotional and psychosocial development. With a child being rule to such behaviour anxiety and stress can result in the childs having long term effe ct even when physical violence is not present. So although factors can emphasise a disposition to abuse the truth is never that clear and no single event or outcome can be determined and the likelihood is that factors such as those discussed are part of a complex context and set of circumstances beginning even long forward the child is involved.Social factors can also have considerable effect on abuse and links have been made between male unemployment and the physical abuse of children(Gillham,1998) and the Department of Health has also conducted its own studies finding that 95 percent of children on protection registers are from poor families(Dept of Health,1995) with children from lower economic environments more likely to be abused(Lawson,2000),nevertheless it has been argued that child abuse cuts across all social class with lower classes more susceptible to come under government probe because of their need for more government resources with this in mind Child abuse is strongl y related to class, inequality and poverty both in terms of prevelance and severity olving the problem requires a realignment of social policy which recognises the necessity of tackling the social,economic and cultural conditions associated with the abuse(Parton,1985,175-176) Abuse in the form of violence against women is a normal feature of patriarcial relations.It is a major vehicle that men use in controlling women,as such it is the norm not an aberration. The widespread incidence of child sexual abuse reveals the extent to which men are prepared to wield sexual violence as a major weapon in asserting their authority over women (Dominelli,1986,p12) Abuse can be seen as a product of a particular culture and child rearing practices are different from time to place being influenced by religion,class,sexuality etc.Culturally approved practices such as isolating infants and small children in rooms or beds of their own at night,making them wait for promptly available food or allowing them to cry without immediate attending to their needs or desires would be at odds with the child rearing philosophies of most of the cultures discussed(Korbin,1981,p4) need to be taken into consideration when defining are certain acts abusive but that does not mean that these ideas are not to be challenged. In the massive majority of abuse cases children or women can be seen to the victim and women have been subjected to horrendous acts and ordeals through out many cultures. The challenging of old ideas as an font can be seen in the context of the rape of women in Zimbabwe being traditionally remedied by the arrangement of the perpetrator to the victim in marriage. This act can be seen as seriously and psychologically wicked in its practice but it is an example of where outside support for change can be directed.former(a) cultural practices such as circumsion and clitoridectomy should be seen as widely abusive acts (Finkelhor&Korbin,1988) and as all abuse is seen in the context o f power over the victim rape is another practice especially in the context of war,with the idea of dehumanising the victims leaving a state of fear,anger and hate having long term effects individually and collectively. Being able to differentiate between culturally normative and abusive behaviour without the fear of being seen as racist or stereotyped in approach can result in the protection of abusive individuals and many cases have seen elements of the failure to protect, such examples have included Tyra Henry(Lambeth,1987),Ailee Labonte(Newham Area child protection committee,2002) and Victoria Climbie(Laming,2003),so culture can be a significant factor in how abuse operates and is defined. No one ever became depraved with curtness (Juvenal,AD c-60-c130)To conclude, further study and research needs to be paid into abuse, its characteristics and manifestations and greater clarification needs to be sought in many areas and inquiry within the context of abuse, peer relationships and the way they are experienced and handled having implications in how individuals relate to others in life as Contemporaries increasingly seek one another as the primary sources of support, security and intimacy(Mueller&Silverman,1989,p583) so many factors need to be taken into account when in discussion but as express earlier abuse is seen as the act of power over another individual or group so the last words belong to the great Carl Jung in that Where love reigns ,there is no will to power and where power is all pervading,Love is absent. The one is but the shadow of the other (Carl Gustav Jung ,1917,Gesammelte Werke,Vol. 7,Zurich,Rascheter-Verlag)

Philippines Literature Essay

The diversity and richness of Philippine literature evolved side by side with the countrys history. Long before the Spaniards and other foreigners landed or set foot on Philippine shores, our forefathers already had their own literature stamped in the history of our race. Our ancient literature shows our customs and traditions in everyday purport as traced in our folk stories, old plays and short stories. Our ancestors also had their own alphabet which was different from that brought by the Spaniards. LITERATURE the body of oral and written works, text, books, poetry, etc. these are the several things that concern this subject. we have been uncovered to literature ever since we were young. reading, writing, thats what we do. but is this really the essence of literature?the cartridge clip i established that i was going to take up Philippine Literature this semester, i was rather a speckle curios about what would be in store for me, for the whole class.our Literature instructor Ms . Dinah Laguna- care is very enthusiastic in teaching us. never came a time that i felt sleepy or bored during our lit. subject. she has a lively voice and pronunciation, lively gestures and the witty use of words were the things i looked forward to every time she came.at first, i expect that the subject content and the teaching method was just a repeating of what has been taught to us during high school. but i was wrong, the different genre of literature, different devices and ever famous figures of barbarism were the ones being taught to us.after all the experiences and new knowledge imparted to me, i realized that Literature is not solitary(prenominal) about just reading the stories, poems, riddles, etc. but either its understanding them deeply. i thank Ms. Mission for imparting this knowledge imparted to me and the whole class for making this journey bearable and truly enjoyable one. it was beyond doubt an accomplishment for us and so, even if i finish the subject Philippines Literature, the things ilearned, the memories and experience go away truly mo no matter what. _

Financial to people who are living in poverty Essay

1. intromissionMicrofinance is the provision of financial to people who ar living in indigence. The system is providing miserable loans to short both(prenominal)body who want to expand their business. A series of financial portion include loaning, saving, damages and so on. there argon two main characteristic on microfinance. Firstly, it is focus on below total income person or poor person for their customers. Secondly, it must ensure that the possibility of its own sustain adapted development. The beginning of the act was most closely associated with economist Muhammad Yunus in 1976. He was born in Bangladesh. Between 30 years, the victor of Grameen Bank which was built by Yunus was noniced by the world. Then, microfinance has covered nearly development countries and some unquestionable counties. In the case of the text book, microfinance was present by two extreme parts, macro instruction success and world-wide yap. For the macro success, lender loaned m supersta ry to women in order to support their family. Then, untold family got rid of distress. By 2001, more than 7,000 microfinance institutions had served 120 million borrowers around the world. On the other hand, there are two debates lead to gigantic capers. Firstly, most of microfinance institutions modern shareholders were rich investors. Secondly, several competitive microfinance institutions loaned money to the same unlettered clients, if crop or ventures fail, clients would face crushing debt loads. For example, in some parts of India, almost 80% of borrowers were in default.2. Case question 1Therefore, what happen almost microfinance? Does it macro success or global mess?2.1 SWOT depth psychologyFor the critical thinking of microfinance is SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis may help us know more ab show up microfinance totally. There are two strengths for microfinance, the first one is that helped in slump the poverty. The propose of microfinance is to provide loans to poor pe ople who want to start small business moreover cannot able to receive commercial message bank help. For example, more than 350 million people in Indian below average income. The microfinance institutions offer the opportunity to them to start their ownbusiness. So, microfinance helps in decrease the poverty. The second one is that promoting the development of topical anesthetic community. If every individual who receive small loans to become rich, the development of local community entrust be promoted. There are two weaknesses about the microfinance. First of all, it is not proper regulated on banking process. due(p) to lack of in force(p) rules and regulations there would lead to racy case of identification risk and defaults. Moreover, microfinance institutions focus on slight people only. For example, Indias 70% of people live in the village, that is to say that most of poor area havent been touched. For the opportunity of microfinance, there are two main points also. Ini tially, it still has bulky untapped grocery. For example, Pakistans microfinance industry was developing faster already, with an expansion of nearly 47 percent during 2007 (AbanHaq, 2008). By the end of 2008, the borrowers had been extended to 1.7 million (Meher Shah, 2009). In addition, some small business which were loan from Microfinance institutions would provide very very much more employment opportunities. Microfinance institutions not only loan money to individual to start their business but also help in the increase the employment opportunity to them. There two threat analysis about microfinance as well. The first one is that over involvement of government. For example, in Indian, bank had freeze on credit to micro lenders for many times, it led to Indians microfinance industry pushed to the brink of collapse (Indias microfinance sector chthonian threat, 2010). Furthermore, it is a racy competition industry. For example, Indians commercial bank normally provides about US$ 133 a week in credit to the microfinance industry (Indias microfinance sector under threat, 2010). So, it is cause to high competition for much more applicant.2.2 Why has microfinance been quite successful on global basis? In the study case, 84% of microloan recipients are women(DEspallier, Gurin, & Mersland, 2011). Therefore, it is easily find that most of microfinance institutions target to women. This is because that repayment is higher among female borrowers, they usually do more conservative investment and reduce clean-living hazard risk(DEspallier, Gurin, & Mersland, 2011). On the other hand, when women improve their circumstances, they also improve the lives of their children. So, by investing in nutrition and education, they can help to create a founder future for their children and their communities.Furthermore, many microfinance institutions help much poorest families get rid of poverty. It is to ensure that 175 million of the worlds poorest families, especially wom en, receive credit for self-employment and other financial and business services(DEspallier, Gurin, & Mersland, 2011). Thus, it absorbs global attention. In addition, the success of the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh indicated that a clean business model had been created. Until recently, Grameen has reported repayment rates of 98% and serving over much more function to poor person (Morduch, 1999). This new business models was imitated by the world.3. Case straits 2Using agency theory, list the area or improvement for the government of certain MFI have be found to engage in questionable practice. Microfinance institution is a party that helping poverty to do business by offering mini-loan. It is an agency of not only providing finance service to support poverty but also an organization contributes to society. The main chore of lending money to pool people is high risks of returning the money. The pool people, who are lack of educations, experience and need more train to return to the job. As an agency the principal (top managers) require profit while loan office is less concern about the interest.3.1 Agency theoryAgency theory explains the relationship between principals and agents. The objective about this theory is to rank and resolve the problem and conflict between principal and the agent of the principal. The two problems agency theory addresses are * Problem of desire goal of principal and agent are in conflict. * Problem of different acts in managing the risk.This theory had been used in examining the relationship of agency, define as a contract under which one or more persons (the principal) engage another person (the agent) to perform some on their behalf which involves delegating some decision do authority to the agent (Jensen & Meckling, 1976) The following equation shows the result of problem come from. The gain of the principal will focus on return, whereas the utility of the agent will focus on the income. agent wants to increase the income wh ile the principalrefers to more return. As the result, there is a trade-off exist in between. UP (R) = 1/UA (I)UP = Utility of the principalUA= Utility of the agentR = ReturnsI= IncomeIn consequent, to resolve the problem is to design the ideal contract. There are two types of contracts design for such problem behavior-based contracts and outcome-based contracts. Behavior-based contract, the principal monitor, measure and reward the base on the agents behavior (Bergenetal, 1992). The outcome-based contract, the agent will be rewarded according to the realized outcome (Bergenetal, 1992).3.2 Porters Five ForcesPorters cardinal forces is idea for analyzing industry and developing strategy of a company to position business. Base on this concept to agnize microfinance industry environment. Investors always seek for return the industry environment will strike how efficient the decision made for profit.Source(Porter, 1979)Suppliers (High)There are many investors in market those can st art into two types, commercial investor and faith investor. The faith investors are not seeks for profit, but long term poverty alleviation. (Cranenburgh, 2010)Commercial investors are looking for return because the capital market is cheaper. Unfortunately there are most MFI stay put lending money to pool people are in perfunctory which the stakeholder are commercial investor. Threat of new entrants (High)Commercial investors are divulge in positioning that they have better access than financial service expertise. Low entrant capital require lead to low entrant standard require. The investors seeks return, it cause high impactin investment. Commercial investors look for short term invest, and it can be re-enter for commercial investment as a cycle. Threat of substitute (Medium)Poor people need money of making living and other social purpose (education, insurance, sickness.eg) for life long. In India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) provides life insurance for poverty to improve th e life expenses under the microfinance category. In many other countries, MFI design new financial service according to the need of poverty which charge very low interest. Internal rivalryIn fact, the intensity of competition is depends upon the size of the company in the game. As entrant barrier low, the major operators in industry are informal institution (SHGs, MFI and NGOs). The competition will increase when an established organization goes into market and implement promotional strategy for boosting out of bad situation as it is weak. In additional, some formal bank start to do financial support with the help of other commercial organization alike(p) provide loan for SHGs. This factor will attract more operators in market.3.3 Challenge Facing by MicrofinanceThe microfinance system is separated in three levels micro, meso and macro. To understand the function of those levels activity, identify the challenge MFIs are liner by governance.Source Adapted from Helms, Access for All The micro level activity includes both perspectives of clients and MFI. The problem comes out from the borrowers perspective is limitation of financial support. This would cause predatory lending practices. From the clients perspective, the problem subsume to the managerial experience of clients, how they manage the funds and sustainable funds. The meso level is about services and infrastructures. The MFI need stiff backup to support ongoing financing lending process. Limited capacity would terminate the funds to borrower. The macro level consists of central bank, finance ministries and other financial department. The problem comes out the potential risk whennew policy established (monetary and currency, egg). The failure of systemic function would lead to a collapse of MIFs. 4. Case Question 3ON ETHICS Given the criticisms that the rich have literally profited from the dirt poor. Do you have any reservations about investing in MFIs that have gone through IPOs? Microfinance is a recognize thing that can help people living in poverty to become financially independent. It is better able to provide for their families in times of economic difficulty. Considering nearly half of world in less than two dollars a day to survive, microfinance is an important solution. However, microfinance has its shortcomings. Thus, in our opinion about this question, we are neutral. Here are advantages and disadvantages in below.4.1 AdvantagesAccess Banks will not extend loans to those with little or no assets, and generally so not engage in small size of loans associated with micro-financing companies. Microfinance is based on the concept that even small amounts of credit can help end the vicious cycle of poverty. Extending educationFamilies receiving microfinance are less credibly to pull their children to leave school for economic reasons. Improve health and welfareMicrofinance can lead to better access to clean drinking water and better sanitation, and providing better access to health care as well. SustainabilityIn the developing country, even a small working capital loans $100. It can be effectuate a small business. Benefactors can help pulling themselves and their families out of the poverty. For example, a 19-year-old girl named Salamatu, from Sierra Leone started sell rice business (Kate, 2011). When her father and brother died, she could not pay the school fees by her own. She joined a local saving and Loans Group Plan in her community. This group can give small loans to them. Salamatu took out two loans. One is starting a small rice selling business and one is paying(a) for her school fees (Kate, 2011). Job creation Microfinance can help create new jobs. It has a beneficial impact on the local economy. 4.2 DisadvantagesSome investors who are interested in specific microfinance IPO must be wary (wise GEEK, 2012). Because some microfinance institutions are free with funding to the poor, but require excessive interest payments in return. This can put a person into a wore financial hole. This would cause social unrest.MFIs in India change magnitude the risks. MFIs might face increased pressure to provide the assets and income growth (Jennifer, 2010). Thus it would increase default risk. In addition, because of high yield investors interests, microfinance institutions issuing high risk loans. This could cause valuation issues. However, lenders often could not perform. Because India does not have national systems that track the borrowers credit history (Jennifer, 2010).5. ConclusionFirstly, we give the reason of microfinance has been successful. Secondly, we identify the areas for improvement of MFIs. Then, we provide the two parts advantages and disadvantages. Some considering buying into microfinance IPO should be carefully examined, and understand the company and its specific practices, then proceeding. Microfinance is not always appropriate. For extreme poor, or those who are sick or unable to work, microfinance may not b e an appropriate tool. BibliographyIndias microfinance sector under threat. (2010, November). Australian Banking & Finance, p. 20. Cranenburgh, K. C. (2010). abridgment of the Microfinance Sector Faith Institutions and Impact Investing. International Interfaith Investment Group, 37-38. DEspallier, B., Gurin, I., & Mersland, R. (2011, 5). Women and Repayment in Microfinance A Global Analysis. World Development, pp. 758-772. Haq, A. (2008). Microfinance Industry Assessment A Report on Pakistan. Islamabad Pakistan Pakistan Microfinance net profit (PMN). Jongbloed, K. (2011). DIY Banks Make Education Possible For Girls. Retrieved from http//blog.becauseiamagirl.ca/diy-banks-make-education-possible-for-girls Meher Shah, A. N. (2009). Spot light on microfinance. Micro note. Islamab Pakistan Microfinance Network (PMN). Morduch, J. (1999, October). The roleof subsidies in microfinance evidence from the Grameen Bank. Journal of Development Economics, pp. 229-248. Shevock, J. (2010). Microl oan Default Risk Rises in India as SKS Microfinance Plans Initial Public pass (IPO). Retrieved from http//www.microcapital.org/microcapital-brief-microloan-default-risk-rises-in-india-as-sks-microfinance-plans-initial-public-offering-ipo/ WiseGEEK. (2012). What Is a Microfinance IPO? . Retrieved from http//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-microfinance-ipo.htm