How Does the Phonology of a One Year Old Differ

How does the phonology of a iodin course of instruction old differ from that of a two-three year old? Describe the main commutes to be expected everywhere the first year of word use. A peasant between i and three years undergoes considerable development in their phonologic big businessman (Ingram, 1986). They adopt specific phonological processes and it will be explored when and how children use these to win accurate pronunciations and how individual differences affect phonological development. Grunwell (1981) suggests that the first six months of fecund language development (0. 9-1. years) is word-based, because of the limited phonetic variants and progressive changes in pronunciation. However, he suggests 1. 6-2. 0 years is the end of the first stage of barbarism development, which is co-occurrent with the action of an active vocabulary of 50 words. Menn & Vihman (2011) suggest that these archeozoic words check babbling, in that they are characterised by unmarked ele ments and structures, such as plosives, nasals and glides unsubdivided vowels and CV structures. This stage of development in a childs stock may be characterised as a proto- carcass, as the child-forms do not resemble adult words (Grunwell, 1981).However, the childs early phonetic inventory (table 1) suggests that the child has a basic contrastive system and indicates that their phonological system has commenced, which will see an increase in new-sprung(prenominal) words and the emergence of two-word utterances (Grunwell, 1981). m n p b t d w Table 1 A phonetic inventory of a child 1. 6-2. 0 years (Grunwell, 1981). Grunwell (1981) presents a chronology of phonological processes (p175) which reflects a childs phonological development in terms of the slice of simplifying processes between 2. 0-4. years. These processes are summarised in table 2 and show that reiteration and consonant harmony are the only structural simplification processes outgrown by age two, which agree with t he findings of Vihman & Greenlee (1987). Structural simplification is generally typical of the sooner stage of phonological development (Vihman, 2004). However, phonological processes final consonant deletion, forgather reduction, fronting, gliding and stopping are regularly apply by children until well-nigh age three, with slight consistent use thereafter (Vihman et al, 1986).Vihman (2004) states that half of her three-year-old subjects used gliding and palatal fronting, but the substitution of inter-dental fricatives were regularly used by all subjects and are associated with the highest frequency of phantasms. Table 2 suggests that velar fronting in particular is the first systemic simplification to be outgrown, at 2. 6 years. Despite this, it shows that obstruents do not occur in a childs inventory until age three, and that these must be mastered forward obstruent and liquid clusters can be produced correctly (Vihman, 2004).Vihman & Greenlee (1987) show that the specific p honetic tendencies found at age one seem to be uncorrelated to the phonological errors at age three and suggest that phonetic preferences change over time. Vihman (2004) suggests that children with an exploratory approach to phonological development explore a wide range of sounds at age one and were more liable(predicate) to delete consonants at age three, whereas children with a systematic approach oblige their word selection patterns at age one and are less likely to use whole-word processes at age three (Vihman, 2004).However, Vihman & Greenlee (1987) show that 73% of childrens utterances at age three were judged intelligible, which correlates with lower phonological error scores. In conclusion, individual differences are a significant in ones phonological system and problematic in generalising normal developments. However, a three year old child will have overall relative phonological advance (Vihman & Greenlee, 1987) and the majority of simplifying phonological processes use d at age one will no longer apply regularly (Vihman, 2004). References Grunwell, P. 1981) The development of phonemics A Desciptive Profile. First Language. 2 161-191 Ingram, D (1986) Ch10 phonologic Development Production. In Fletcher, P & Garman, M. Language acquisition pp223-239 CUP UK 2nd Edition Menn, L. & Vihman, M. M. (2011) divorce V Features in phonological development Features in Child phonemics Inherent, Emergent, or Artefacts of Analysis? In Clements, N. G & Ridouane, R (Ed) Where do Phonological Features Come From? Cognitive, Physical and developmental bases of distinctive speech categories. John Benjamins publish Company. p259-303 Vihman, M. M (2004) Ch3 Later Phonological Development. In Bernthal, J. E & Bankson, N. W, Articulation and Phonological Disorders, pp105-138. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall. 5th Edition. Vihman, M. M. , Ferguson, A. & Elbert, M (1986) Phonological development from babbling to speech common tendencies and individual differences. Applie d Pyscholinguistics, 7 3-40 Vihman, M. M. & Greenlee, M. (1987) Individual Differences in Phonological Development Ages one and three years Journal of speech and hearing research. 30 503-521